I recently became aware of a published overview of the Australian War Crimes Trials and Investigations, by D.C.S.Sissons, which is available as a PDF, just Google the title of this post.
It's truly fascinating, we have on the one hand an Australian diplomatic effort to try the Japanese Emperor which was rebuffed and finally rejected outright by the other allies, their reason being that the security and stability of post war Japan would be so undermined that it would be necessary to garrison the nation with upwards of a million allied troops.
Then we have the rigid and, for want of a better term "straight laced" attitude of the Australian war crimes tribunals toward natural justice and particularly to questions of chain of command in relation to Japanese atrocities.
This was a remarkable contrast to the proceedings in Europe which resulted in a prolonged and horiffic ordeal for the German people and those of Eastern Europe, be they innocent civilians or combatants.
I was amazed to learn that the Australian government had prosecuted and executed Japanese war criminals on behalf of captured Indian and Chinese Nationals who had been forcibly transferred to Papua New Guinea, which was then under Australian jurisdiction.
Astonishingly the question of whether the Indian P.O.W's who actually volunteered for Japan's "Indian National Army" were enemy combatants was resolved in the negative due to the extreme duress under which the Indians were placed.
The Australian trials were conducted as far as possible in the locales in which crimes had occurred and under military law , which meant that after 1949 Japanese P.O.W's could only be sentenced to death for offences which would attract the same penalty for an Australian soldier so accused.
In all 296 trials were conducted resulting in 644 convictions, 148 sentences of Death by hanging or firing squad with the remainder of the guilty receiving sentences of between six months and life in prison.
It's notable than many of the the most gruesome and high profile atrocities and massacres committed by the Japanese against Australians and their allies went unpunished, due mainly to the high attrition rate among Japanese servicemen and the suicides of many of the commanders and junior officers.
The Imperial Japanese Army, by their own account behaved in a manner which seems incredible today but, as the Sissons paper shows, in stomach turning detail was all too real.
Friday, April 29, 2011
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